Indian Made 37 Pattern Bayonet Frog

Earlier this month we looked at a set of Indian made 37 pattern shoulder braces and delved into the history of the Bata company. The other major manufacturer of webbing in India were the Government Harness and Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore and tonight we are looking at a bayonet frog from that company. The frog is made to the same basic design as other examples from across the Empire:The webbing has the distinctive slightly striped pattern of Indian production. The loops at the base of this frog do not have any cut outs for spike bayonets- The Indian Army sticking with the SMLE and sword bayonets for the most part and not needing to modify their frogs in the same numbers as the British:The stitching holding the frog together has a distinctive arch shape to it, allowing the process to be done with one pass of the sewing machine:This compares with the much squarer stitching used on British made frogs where the stitching turns through 90 degrees rather than being a single arc. The stitching is through both layers of webbing so can be seen on the rear as well:This frog was made in 1942 and has the ‘CA1942’ stamp of the manufacturer The Government Harness and Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore indistinctly stamped on the back:The following history of the factory comes from ‘Karkee’ and is the most comprehensive I have come across, as ever if you get the chance check out his superb threads on the Warrelics forum covering British and Empire equipment:

After the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the capture of reserve stocks by rebels, the British Army in India faced severe shortages of harness saddlery and leather accoutrements. Resupply from England involved a long sea voyage around the Cape of Good Hope which damaged much of the leather equipment. Lieutenant John Stewart of the Bengal Artillery was ordered to stimulate the local leather industry and established the Government Harness & Saddlery Factory, Cawnpore in 1863. Many other private leather and textile firms followed and Cawnpore quickly became a major industrial center in Northern India.

The Government Harness & Saddlery Factory was operated by the Military Supply Department of the Government of India and was entirely devoted to the manufacture of military equipment. It had its own brass and iron foundry for making equipment fittings and during times of mobilization it could place orders with the private firms of Cawnpore, which were brought up to the standards of the harness factory.

The Government Harness Factory expanded rapidly to meet the needs of the Indian Army during the Great War, employing around 4,000 workers by 1916-17. Demand decreased during the interwar years.

In addition to leather accoutrements, the factory began producing Mk V Gasmask Bags and Pattern 1908 Web Equipment components. It is unclear when the production of webbing commenced or if full sets of webbing were manufactured, but extant examples of frogs and water bottle carriers bear 1930s dates. The Government Harness & Saddlery Factory marked their items with a Ca. for Cawnpore, which changed in 1940 to ca. The brass fittings on early pieces were also stamped with the same “Ca.” mark and were probably made on the factory premises. In general, early production webbing is of higher quality with better stitching and fittings. Additionally, some early pieces feature a mix of canvas and webbing.

In November 1941, large scale orders for Pattern 1937 Web Equipment were placed by the Indian Government. The Government Harness & Saddlery Factory produced the full range of components, but the wartime webbing was of a much looser weave with undyed stitching and cruder brass fittings made by outside firms. Additionally, snaps were a mixture of imported British-manufactured snaps made by Newey Brothers, Limited of Birmingham as well as locally made Indian snaps of poorer quality. The latter featured the classic ‘pebbled’ pattern or a snowflake pattern unique to India. The stamps on wartime webbing are often upside down and poorly stamped, which may be due to a largely Indian workforce with less supervision from European foremen. The government factory may have also called upon local private firms to fill these orders during the war.

Indian Made 37 Pattern Shoulder Braces

It seems like a while since we last looked at some Indian 37 pattern webbing, so tonight we are going to take a look at a pair of Indian made shoulder braces:These two braces are made by different manufacturers, but share some common characteristics. Both has the distinctive ‘striped’ webbing typical of Indian manufacture. Note also the three part construction of the shoulder braces:This design was adopted because the machinery in India could not do the reduction weaving that Mills in England could do so a different method of assembly was needed. Both these braces are clearly stamped, one with a letter and number code:The ‘N’ indicates that the length is ‘normal’. The other shoulder brace is marked with the manufacturer’s name ‘Bata’:My thanks to Karkee for the following potted history of Bata and its webbing marking:

Czechoslovak industrialist Tomas Bata set up the first experimental shoe production plant in Konnagar, West Bengal with 75 Czechoslovak experts in 1931. Jan Antonin Bata then built an industrial manufacturing city called Batanagar (near Konnagar) in 1934 and another factory in Bataganj in the Digha neighborhood of Patna, the capital of the Bihar state in 1942. Bata webbing often features a letter code of ‘N’ or ‘D’ after the date, which may represent different factories. Other markings include the maker mark (B.S.C. in 1941-42 and BATA in 1943), date and inspector mark (often in the form of C↑##).

Here we can see Bata Shoe Company Factory in Batanagar, West Bengal:Note the slogan ‘Keep Smiling’ painted on the gable ends of the factory buildings. This rather wonderful advert for the company dates to 1945 and celebrates the company’s part in the war:

30 Round ’37 Pattern’ Cartridge Carrier

Although we have looked at 37 pattern cartridge carriers on the blog in the past, tonight’s example is a little different as it has dividers inside each pocket for three clips of five rounds rather than the usual two:This allows the carrier to hold thirty rather than twenty rounds and if worn in a pair the soldier would have sixty rounds at his disposal rather than the usual forty. I have been in conversation with the team from Karkee Web and the most likely explanation for this oddity is that it was made by converting the top two pouches from an old set of 08 webbing to something approximating the new pattern. From the front it can be seen that the cartridge carrier looks visually very similar to a standard 37 pattern design, the main difference being that it is slightly deeper top to bottom over the pouches:Turning the pouch over we can see that the attachment sewn to the back is most likely made from a 37 pattern brace attachment that has been opened out, the gate attachment removed and sewn directly on:The seams on either side have been opened out to accept a 2 ¼” ‘c’ hook, then sewn back up:Various elements of the old pouches’ stitching can be seen in places, such as the faint outline on the bottom edge of the front:The top flaps of the cartridge carrier are secured with Newey studs, the patent of which is clearly visible stamped around the edge of the underside of the female stud:This is an unusual modification, but a sensible one that was probably done on a personal basis, or perhaps at a unit level but is certainly not an official modification. As is often the case this was a fortuitous find as I had bought a pair of cartridge carriers on eBay for the Indian made one this came with, it was thus a pleasant surprise to find that the ‘extra’ cartridge carrier was actually more interesting than the one I had bought the pair for in the first place!

Canadian 37 Pattern Skeleton Water Bottle Carrier

When Canada started producing their own 37 pattern webbing in the Second World War, they modified the British design of skeleton water bottle carrier in 1942 to closely resemble that introduced by Mills in the earlier 1919 pattern set. What this meant in reality was that the water bottle had a single long fastening strap, secured to the rear:This passed over the top of the bottle and fastened to a press stud on the front of the carrier:This was in contrast to water bottle carriers from other countries of the Empire where the fastener was on the top shoulder of the bottle. At first glance the 1919 and Canadian 1937 pattern water bottle carriers are identical, however we can tell them apart either by the markings (which are very hard to make out on this example) or by the press studs themselves. These are made by United Carr of Canada:As to why the Canadians changed the design of the carrier; that is a harder question to answer, presumably it was felt that by moving the fastener to the front manufacture could be speeded up as you were not having to sew two straps to the rest of the carrier. It also reduced the amount of brass needed as you were only reinforcing on strap end with a brass chape. It might also have made it easier to open and close the carrier when worn as the strap would be easier to access on the front of the carrier than it would on the top. There are a lot of weird and wonderful changes made by Canada to their webbing over the war years, resin impregnated tips and unique construction techniques amongst others. For those with an interest in the subject I cannot do better than point you to this thread here on Canadian webbing which is excellent.

 

Indian Mk III 37 Pattern Basic Pouch

Last weekend I went up to the annual Pickering World War Two weekend. A good time was had, and as usual I trawled the stalls in case of something interesting to add to the collection. Normally I bypass Soldier of Fortune’s stall completely as they sell reproduction kit for re-enactors rather than the original kit I am looking for, this time however they had some sale boxes in front of their stall and on a whim I rooted through. I was therefore both surprised and very pleased to find an Indian made Mk III 37 pattern pouch:Like its British counterpart, this pouch has replaced the press stud fastener with a quick release tab and staple:This design change was introduced in late 1945 and as can be seen was even less of a success with soft Indian webbing than it had been on the stiffer UK production. The poor quality means that it is impossible now to fasten the pouch as the strap is too soft and bendy to fit through the fastener. The poor quality is also evident in the brass buckle at the top of the pouch, which clearly has one side wider than the other:The back of the pouch is typical of all other 37 pattern basic pouches:Again the poor quality is visible in the brass c-hooks and the wear where they are sewn to the body of the pouch:On the underside three large brass grommets allow water to drain out of the pouch:Interestingly although Indian production has been updated to include the quick release tab, the underside of the pouch lid still retains the cartridge loops for ballistite blank rounds that was dropped from British production after the Mk I:This pouch was originally pre-dyed in green, much of which has been bleached off now. Note however the remains of the green in the corners of the underside of the lid:As can be seen this pouch was manufactured by KEF in 1945. These Indian made Mk III pouches are not common and this is the first one I have seen outside of Martin Brayley’s ‘Khaki Drill and Jungle Green’ book- a lucky and cheap find that rather made my day!

37 Pattern Webbing Brace Attachment

The 37 pattern webbing set was designed to be worn with either a pair of large basic pouches or a pair of cartridge carriers. For those troops not using either of these, a brace attachment was provided that filled the gap between belt and shoulder brace. These were a reuse of an element from the earlier 1919 and 1925 pattern and are amongst the more complicated elements of the 37 pattern set:The following description comes from the webbing set’s assembly instructions:

Brace Attachments.- These are interchangeable and are used only for sets of equipment adapted for Officers, certain W.Os., N.C.Os. and personnel armed with pistol, or ranks not carrying arms. They consist of a “gate” slide for attachment to the waistbelt: With narrow webbing fitted at the top to carry a buckle for the brace: Below which a link is provided to receive the free end of the brace: This illustration from the pamphlet shows how they attach to the waist belt:One of my pair of braces is dated 1940, with a faint manufacturer’s mark:It also has a large /|\ mark stamped on it:On the second the maker’s marks are long faded, but a large stamp for ‘2RF’ is clearly visible:This is one of the most common elements of 37 pattern webbing with large quantities available for very little money as once you have a pair you really don’t need or want any more!

37 Pattern Mk III Basic Pouches

The design of 37 pattern webbing components was not set in aspic and many underwent greater or lesser modifications over the years to their basic designs. One of the most commonly encountered is the Mk III basic pouch with quick release tab. This pouch was introduced in World War Two, but is not commonly seen until the post war period so is largely ignored by re-enactors and collectors. Like many examples, my pair are in mint condition:The Mk III pouch featured a number of changes over its predecessors. Firstly its length was increased by ½” so Sten Gun magazines could fit in:A metal drainage grommet was added to the base of the pouch:And the press stud was replaced by a two part quick release buckle:The QR buckle was easier to manufacture but quickly frayed and was a pig to use in service, with there often being insufficient room once the buckle was closed to pass the tab down and secure it. The rear of the pouch was unchanged:However a stores code has been stamped above the C-hooks used to attach the pouch to a belt:This particular pouch was manufactured in 1952 by MECo:These pouches can be seen used in many photographs of National Servicemen in the 1950s, such as the example we looked at a few weeks back here. It appears that thousands of these were left in stores unissued, consequently they are very common and remarkably cheap.